汉语被动句的翻译

 

在现代汉语中，主动句和被动句的选用首先要看句子以什么为陈述对象。如果以施事者为陈述对象，则用主动句，如果以受承者为陈述对象，则用被动句。汉语中的被动句不像在英语中使用得那么普遍。在张今和陈云清编著的《英汉比较语法纲要》中把汉语的被动句分为“正规被动句”和“当然被动句”两种。

一、正规被动句

正规被动句中用有表示被动的词，如：被、让、叫、由、遭、受、给等。

1.当晚传来敌人被全歼的消息。

News came that evening that the enemy had been completely wiped out.

2.窗台上的花盆让猫给碰翻了。

The flower-pot on the window-sill was upset by the cat.

3.南京解放前夕孟焘在监狱遭到秘密杀害。

Meng Tao was secretly executed in prison in Nanjing shortly before the liberation of the city / the city was liberated.

4.金桂被村里选成劳动英雄，又选成妇联会主席。

Jingui was elected labour hero and chairman of the women’s federation of the village.

二、当然被动句

当然被动句中没有上面讲到的那些词，句子中的被动是不言自明的，把表示被动的词加上，句子依然非常通顺。

1.他那本书已经（被）出版了。  

That book of his has been published

2. 路碍今天早上都（被）拆除了。

The road blocks were all removed this morning.

3.房间（被）打扫干净之后，她就离开了。

She left after the room was cleaned.

4.那个战士救上来了，但是救他的班长却牺牲了。

The soldier was saved, but the squad leader who had saved him died.

三、使用被动句主要出于以下的考虑：

（一）强调受事者，或者不愿、不必或者无从说出施事者时:

1.那个孩子被救上来了，可是罗盛教却淹死了。

The boy was saved, but Luo Shengjiao was drowned.

2.他被判三年徒刑，剥夺政治权利一年。      （不必说）

He was sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment and deprived of political rights for one year.

3.显然，他的房间被人搜查过了。            （无从说）

.Clearly, his room had been searched.

（二）为使前后分句的主语保持一致，使语气更加流畅：

1.他走进屋里，被眼前的情景惊呆了。

 He entered the room and was shocked at what he saw.

2.二诸葛老婆追出门来，被二诸葛拉回去，嘴里还骂个不休。

Er Zhuge’s wife rushed out of the house, still cursing when she was pulled inside by her husband.

在翻译汉语正规被动句时，我们会使用英语中带被动语态的句子。可是在翻译当然被动句的时候，有的人就会忽略这一点。这是造成翻译错误的原因之一。

此外，在汉语中还有一类涉及直接宾语和间接宾语的被动结构的句子，是我们在翻译的时候要注意的，因为英语中没有类似结构的句子：

1.他的猪被狼拖走了三只。

Three of his pigs were stolen by the wolves.

2. 他的鞋子都（被他）跑掉了一只。

One of his shoes was lost in the course of running.

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